When China’s rulers declared martial law on June 4, 1989, they were following one of the oldest tenets of Chinese rule:

“The student demonstrators in the square may have lacked a coherent message. The atmosphere may have taken on aspects of a carnival. But, underlying it all, was a basic questioning of the right of the Communist Party to exercise monopoly power, a demand for discussion and plurality.

“That questioned a tenet of Chinese rule dating back to the First Emperor of 221BC. The doctrine of legalism - rule by law rather than rule of law - co-existed with the more benevolent strains of Confucianism. Mao had identified himself with the First Emperor, and in 1980, Deng and his colleagues were in no mood to cede the authority they had spent all their lives fighting for.

“Their decision to declare martial law and send in the People’s Liberation Army was not taken lightly. As shown in the smuggled-out records in the book, the Tiananmen Papers, they deliberated long and hard, often in deep disgruntlement as they discussed how to deal with the pesky students who could draw on the traditional esteem in which their class was held in China. Reformists in the leadership, led by the party secretary, Zhao Ziyang, tried to find an accommodation. By the beginning of June, some student leaders were ready to return to campus and build on the moral victory they had won since launching the protest in mid-April. But the moderates were overruled on both sides and the tragic result unfolded.”